Regions nearer the equator receive much more energy than regions nearer the poles, and are consequently much warmer. These latitudinal differences in surface temperature create global-scale flows of energy within the atmosphere, giving rise to the major weather patterns of the world. At smaller scales, common weather systems like frontal depressions are formed when warm air masses rise above colder ones, generating clouds and rain. At the smallest scales, individual rain-bearing cumulonimbus thunderclouds, and even the smaller rain-free cumulus clouds, are phenomena of heat transfers via convection.

The troposphere is capped by the tropopause, a region of stable temperature about 12 km above the Earth's surface. Air temperature then begins to rise in the stratosphere. Such a temperature increase prevents much air convection beyond the tropopause, and consequently most weather phenomena are confined to the troposphere.

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© Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Environment

Weather is the day-to-day changes in temperature, air pressure, moisture, wind, cloudiness, rainfall and sunshine. Such changes arise from the movement of air in the Earth's atmosphere and the accompanying transfers of heat and moisture. This heat and moisture transport generates the weather features and systems which we see and experience, including clouds, fronts, depressions and anticyclones.